Reaction products of wax-anhydride compounds and alcohol

ABSTRACT

Wax-anhydride compounds and derivatives thereof, including amides, esters, etc.; processes by which they are prepared; and uses thereof, including their use as carbon paper inks, polishes, etc.

United States Patent [151 3,699,154 Heintzelman et al. Oct. 17, 1972 [54] REACTION PRODUCTS OF WAX- [58] Field of Search ..260/485 J, 485 G ANHYDRIDE COMPOUNDS AND ALCOHOL [56] References Cited [72] inventors: William J- Heintzelman; Michael 1. UNITED STATES PATENTS Naiman, both of St. Louis, Mo. Assignee: Petmme Corporation, Wilmington, 3,381,0 22 4/1968 Le Suer ..260/485 Primary Examiner-Lorraine A. Weinberger [22] Filed: Jan. 18, 1971 Assistant ExaminerE. Jane Skelly 1 No.2 Attorney-Sidney B. Ring Related US. Application Data [57] ABSTRACT Division 7 Wax-anhydride compounds and derivatives thereof, N 3,590,076, which 15 a commuallon-ln-pal't including amides, esters, etc.; processes by which they of 527,075, 14, 1966' abandonedare prepared; and uses thereof, including their use as carbon paper inks, polishes, etc. [52] US. Cl. ..260/485 1, 260/485 G I [51] Int. Cl ..C07c 69/40 2 Claims, No Drawings REACTION PRODUCTS OF WAX-ANHYDRIDE COMPOUNDS AND ALCOHOL This application is a Division of Ser. No. 607,877 filed Jan. 9, 1967, now U.S. Patent 3,590,076, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 527,075,.

where n is, for example 1 5, or even 25 or more in certain instances.

The wax-maleic compounds may also contain one or more of the above type units.

Stated another way, the wax molecule may have one or more maleic units attached thereto; said maleic units, which may be attached to one or more positions on the wax molecule, may be attached directly to the wax molecule or to one or more other maleic molecules.

In addition, derivatives thereof can also be prepared, for example esters, amides, ester-amides, imides, salts, etc. and poly-derivatives thereof, such as polyesters, polyamines, poly-salts, etc. Salts may be prepared from any of the above compounds which contain acidic or basic groups.

The term wax-maleic compound relates to the reaction of wax or a wax substitute with maleic anhydride, or equivalents or derivatives thereof. It also includes derivatives of the wax-maleic reaction.

The term maleic compound relates to maleic anhydride, maleic acid, maleic type anhydrides or acids and derivatives thereof.

Any suitable wax or wax substitute can be employed in preparing the wax anhydride. These include microcrystalline waxes, such as plastic and tank bottom derived microcrystalline waxes, solvent extracted microcrystalline waxes, etc., wax substitutes such as Fischer-Tropsch Wax, polyalkylenes such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and blends thereof, etc.

The preferred type of hydrocarbon waxes employed are those having a melting point of about 150 --270 F. but preferably about 150 220 F. and a penetration as defined by ASTM Test Method D5-25 of from about 0 to about 50, for example 0+ to about 30, but preferably 0+ to about with an optimum of 0 to about 5. These are obtained using 100 g. total weight for 3 seconds at 66 F. Waxes found within this range are microcrystalline wax, Fischer-Tropsch wax, certain of the polyalkylenes such as polyethylenes, etc. In general, these waxes have an average of over about 40 carbons, but preferably over about 45 carbons per molecule, such as from 50 or or more. Where the waxes are of a lower molecular weight, they should be blended with a higher molecular weight material to give this average.

All of these waxes are well know. For example they are described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,890,125, which is by reference incorporated into the present application.

A unique class of polyethylenes which can be employed in this invention are those prepared by employing a catalyst which is an organolithium compound with a chelating tertiary amine, such as described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 3,206,519 and in the Journal of Crganic Chemistry 29,2928 1964).

Because of its commercial importance, maleic anhydride is employed to illustrate this invention. Examples of other acids or anhydrides which may be reacted include citraconic acid, ethylmaleic acid, glutaconic acid, itaconic acid, methylitaconic acid, etc. The term wax-maleic compound.and maleic compound includes these acids, anhydrides and derivatives.

Although the wax-maleic compounds can be prepared by any suitable method, we have prepared these compositions by reacting wax with maleic anhydride under free radical forming conditions. In one embodiment, wax, maleic anhydride and a peroxide are reacted at a temperature sufficiently high to promote free radical formation. Since heat promotes free radical formation, a temperature sufficiently high to promote the decomposition of the peroxide, without causing decomposition of reactants and products, is employed. Depending on the peroxide, temperatures of about 100 250 C., such as about to 225, for example about to 215, but preferably about to 200, are employed. The temperature should be sufficiently high to keep all reactants in solution or in a molten state.

In the case of di-tert-butyl peroxide the best yields are obtained in the ranges of about 100 to 250 C., but preferably about 170 to 200 C.

Reaction times will depend on various factors such as for example on the particular reactants, reaction conditions, etc. A reaction time sufficient to effect the desired degree of reaction completion is employed. Ordinarily, reaction times of from about 0.5 to 6 hours, such as about 1 to 5 hours, for example about 1.5 to 4.5 hours, but preferably about 2 to 4 hours are employed. Shorter or longer times may be employed to push the reaction to the desired degree of completion depending on various factors such as reactants, conditions, peroxides, etc.

Any suitable free-radical producing agent capable of forming reactive sites can be employed. These include peroxides, hydroperoxides, etc., for example benzoyl peroxide, acetyl peroxide, 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, methyl benzyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, peracetic acid, tert-butyl permaleic acid, lauryl peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl diperphthalate, tert-butyl peracetate, and the like.

Other sources of free radicals besides peroxides can also be employed, for example high energy ionizing irradiation, etc.,. cobalt in conjunction with hydroperoxides, inorganic peroxy compounds such as persulfates, hydrogen peroxide, etc., azo compounds of the general formula R+N=N-R such as azobenzene, azomethane, azobisisobutyronitrile, etc., acyl-aryl nitrosoamides such as nitrosoanilide, etc.

The wax anhydrides can be prepared by the process described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,030,387 which is by reference incorporated into this application. This application is illustrated by claim 9 which states:

A process for the preparation of alkyl hydrocarbon and cycloalkyl hydrocarbon substituted succinic acid anhydrides which comprises reacting 1 mole of maleic anhydride with more than 1 mole of hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of alkyl and cycloalkyl hydrocarbons of frm six to 32 carbon atoms at a temperature above 100 C. and in the presence of a catalytic amount of di-tertiary-butyl peroxide.

The hydrocarbons employed in US. Pat. No. 3,030,387 are liquids and soft solids and therefore do not yield the improved products of thisinvention. ln contrast .tohydrocarbons employed in this invention are hard 'solids having high melting points and low penetrations.

All of the specific examples in US. Pat. No. 2,030,387 describe reactions carried out with a large excess of hydrocarbon in a closed vessel. In preparing the. wax-anhydrides of the present invention substantially equimolar amounts or slight excesses or more of hydrocarbons can be employed by adding maleic anhydride to the hydrocarbon at atmospheric pressure under free radical conditions.

In one embodiment maleic anhydride and the peroxide, preferably as a solution, are added to molten wellstirred wax and the reaction allowed to react to completion. The product is precipitated by pouring into a liquid in which the desired product is insoluble, and the by-products are soluble, such as methanol, and the wax separated therefrom by any suitable means such as by filtration, etc. Thereafter. the product is washed with methanol and collected by filtration.

In another embodiment,,the maleic half-ester is converted to the anhydride in situ.

The following examples are presented by way of i1- lustration and not oflimitation:

EXAMPLE 7 (PROCESS 1) Thisexample illustrates the formation of a wax-maleic anhydride adduct.

A solution of 16 g. of maleic anhydride and 3 g. of dit-butyl peroxide in 100 ml. of o-dichlorobenzene is added during '2 hours to 100 g. of Fischer Tropsch wax having a m.p. of 212 F. and a penetration of 4 stirred and heated at 185 C. The mixture is stirred for an additional two hours at 185 C., then successively cooled to 90v C. and slowly poured into 500 ml. of stirred methanol to precipitate the wax. The mixture is filtered and the filter cake is slurried in 500 ml. of hot methanol for 1 hour and then filtered. The washing operation is repeated and the final solid product is air dried for about fifteen hours. The product is melted and slabbed. The yield of adduct is 108 g. Ithad an acid number of 51 and a saponification number of 99.

EXAMPLE 8 (PROCESS II) This example illustrates the preparation of a waxmaleic half-ester adduct which is converted in situ to the anhydride.

isopropyl maleate is formed by adding 60 grams (1 mole) of anhydrous isopropyl alcohol during 15 minutes to 98 g. (one mole) of stirred, molten C.)

maleic anhydride. The mixture is stirred for an additional 15 minutes and then cooled to ambient temperature.

A solution of 26 g. of isopropyl maleate and 3 g of dit-butyl peroxide is added during 2 hours to g. of

Fischer Tropsch waxhaving a m.p. of 212 F. and a I penetration-of 4, rapidly stirred and heated at 185 C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture is stirred for an'additiona10.5 hour at 185 C., then successively cooled to C. and slowly poured into 500 ml of rapidly stirred methanol. The mixture is heated to.

reflux, stirred for 1 hour and filtered hot (55 C.). The filter cake is reslurried in 500 ml. of refluxing methanol for one hour and then filtered hot. The filter cake is TABLEI waxlnitial Wax Molar Maleic pene- Ratio v Product tra- Maleic Pro- Analyses tion Anhycess acid sap. Ex. Type. M1. N0. dride employ- No. No.

to wax ed 1 Micro- 190- 3 1.3 1 47 88 crystal- 195F line M.W. 700 2 1.2 l 45 91 3 1.2 1 50 96 4 1.0 11 52 98 5 1.2 11 48 94 F 6 1.2 11 47 93 7 Fischer 212F 4 1.3 51 99 Tropsch M.W. 800 8 1.3 11 46 97 9 202F 1 1.0 11 48 95 10 Poly- 102C 3 1.5 1 54 99 ethylene M.W. 1500 11 Microcrystal- F 3 1.0 l 46 92 line M.W.700 12 Poly- 102C 3 1.4 11 47 95 ethylene M.W. 1500 The molecular weights of the products of this invention can be increased by reacting the wax-maleic compound with polyfunctional compounds capable of reacting with maleic derived moiety in the form of the acid, ester, anhydride, etc. For example, by reacting with polyamines, polyols, etc., one is able to polymerize two or more wax-maleic units. These are illustrated, by the following where R is the wax moiety and R is the moiety of the polyfunctional compound.

R-cn-ii 0 non'on r0 R 0 ii-tin-cm-ii-o-rv-oit will be noted that the above are true polymers having repetitive units.

In addition to forming a repetitive polymeric unit, the polyfunctional derivative may increase molecular weight by coupling with only one carboxylic group of each maleic unit to form a product having unreacted carboxylic acid groups to yield a product having a plurality of wax-maleic units bridged by the polyfunctional moiety. These are illustrated by the following:

In the case of the polyhydroxyl compound n is preferable 2 4 but most preferably 3. All the hydroxyl groups are preferably coupled and R' is the moiety derived from the polyfunctional compound such as a 40 hydrocarbon group, e.g. alkylene, arylene, etc.

o Ron-ii o on Bro o n-Cn-ii-on HT-c-0-n' on o 0 ll 8 H non- -0n HO -cR cm-c-o-n'-oc- H,

W6. 0 H n-ong-iion HOii-C-R (OHM-5 0 m-c-o- '-o- H2 0 R 1? l5 umnrummcl 0 0 H adamant ml I and so on, depending on the number of hydroxy groups in the polyol.

Analogous compositions may be prepared from polyamines. This results in the formation of amides instead of esters, and amino groups in place of hydroxy groups. In the case of polyamines, n is preferably 2-3 and most preferably 2. All of the amino groups are preferably coupled.

a g o 'RCH- A R-OH- 0H Polyamines may also be employed to couple waxmaleic units by forming polyimides or both imide and amides, for example, as follows:

r -HCR RN Hz-C EXAMPLE l3 (PROCESS lll) This Example illustrates the conversion of the waxmaleic half ester to the wax-maleic anhydride, followed by coupling with a poly-functional compound to yield a triester:

A solution of 19 g of isopropyl maleate and 3 g of dit-butyl peroxide is added during 2 hours to 100 g'of Fischer Tropsch wax stirred and heated at 120 C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. No solvent is employed in this example. The mixture is stirred for an additional 8 or the imide-amide EXAMPLE EXAMPLE 26 The above process was repeated except that tetraethylene pentamine was employed. The reaction 0.5 hour at 185 C. and then cooled to 1 15 C. During reaction the ester is converted to the wax-maleic anhydride in situ. Five grams of trimethylol propane is then added to the stirred wax-maleic adduct heated at 1 15 C. The mixture is stirred for 3 hours at 1 15 C. and then slabbed.

o 0llHCB 0 1100 H2 45 I R-CHw --0-0 EXAMPLE 18 The process of Example 13 was repeated except that 2 grams of ethylene diamine was employed in place of trimethylol propane. This example 18 illustrates coupling with polyamines to yield a product of the formula By further heating one may form the polyimide CHz-C C-- H:

mixture was heated to 120 C. for a period of about 1 hour, after which a reduced pressure of 200 mm was employed. The produce was primarily the imide.

Since other examples are similarly prepared, in order to save repetitive details, other examples are presented in the following Table 11.

TABLE II Mole Ratio Coupling Agent, Ex. lnitial Wax Maleic/Wax (wax basis) 13 Fischer Tropsch 0.9 Trimethylol MW 800 propane, 5 14 Fischer Tropsch 0.9 Polyethylene HW 800 glycol- Mol. wt.

600, 6 15 Fischer Tropsch 0.9 Ethylene MW 800 glycol, 3.5 16 95% Fischer Tropsch 0.9 Trimethylol MW 800 propane, 5 5% Polyethylene Mol. wt. 2000 17 Fischer Tropsch 0.9 Clycerol, 4

MW 800 18 Fischer Tropsch 0.9 Ethylene MW 800 diamine, 2 19 Fischer Tropsch 0.9 Ethanolamine,

MW 800 1.5 20 Fischer Tropsch 0.9 m-phenylene MW 800 diamine, 2 21 Microcrystalline 0.9 Trimethylol Wax MW 700 propane, 5 22 Polyethylene 0.9 Trimethylol MW 2000 propane, 5 23 Polyethylene 0.9 Ethylene MW 2000 diamine, 2 24 Microcrystalline 0.9 m-phenylene Wax MW 700 diamine, 2 25 Fischer Tropsch 1.3(ex.8) Ethylene MW 700 diamine, 1 26 Fischer Tropsch l.3(ex.8) Tetraethylene MW 700 Pentamine, l

The above waxes have the following properties: Fischer Tropsch mp 212F., penetration 4 Polyethylene mp 102C, penetration 3 Microcrystalline wax mp l-5F., penetration 3 The percent of polyfunctional coupling agent is weight percent based on initial wax.

A wide variety ofvpolyalcohols may be employed as coupling agents. These include glycols and other polyols.

those containing at least three esterifiable hydroxy] groups. In general, these are the polyhydric alcohols conventionally employed in preparing polyesters. lllustrative examples of such alcohols are glycerol, polyglycerol, pentaerythritol, mannitol, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolethane, l,2,6-hexanetriol, polypentaerythritol, polyallyl alcohol, polymethallyl alcohol, polyols formed by the condensation of bisphenols with epichlorohydrin, and the like.

ln addition to the aliphatic glycols and/or polyols, one may also employ aromatic glycols and polyols including those of the phenolic type, for example those of the formula HO- Oll when (9 isan aromatic containing radical for example where R is for example, hydrocarbon, amino, amide, ester, oxygen, silicon, ketone, phosphorus, sulfur, sulfone, sulfoxide, etc. These aromatic groups may also be substituted, for example, as follows:

where A is a substituted group for example, alkyl, al-

koxy, halo, nitro, etc. and n is a number, for example, 0-4 inclusive. Also included are aromatic containing glycols and polyols containing aliphatic groups between the aromatic group and the hydroxy group for mple nocnrtjwmon. HOCHFOJCHzOH nocmcnOnO-cmomon etc., where R has the same meaning as above.

The aromatic groups in the above polyol and glycol may also be in the reduced or partially reduced form. A wide variety of polyamines can also be employed as coupling agents.

The polyamines employed include those of the following formula:

where n is for example 1-8 or greater, where A is a divalent radical, for example straight or branched CH; etc.

and m is for example 2-10 or greater. These include the following:

etc.

etc

etc.

Other examples include the following alkylated polyamines for example of the formula where the Rs are H or a substituted group, such as cycloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, etc. The

preferable type is of the formula H H i H n (R is straight chain or branch.)

Examples include the following:

| C uHnN C sHuNH:

Other suitable amines are exemplified by:

I Aromatic polyamines can also be employed, r6; Eiample:

where Ris 0,.S,

etc. or substituted derivatives thereof for example, alkyl, alkoxy, halo, etc. derivatives.

Thus, any polyamine capable of reaction, whether aliphatic, cycle-aliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic, etc., can be employed.

substituted derivatives thereof, etc. (3) Cycloaliphatic, etc.

Typical examples include alkanol amines, ethanol amine, propanol amine, butanol amine, decanol amine,

etc.

HOG-NHQ, HOONHQ ism-@011 CHr-OH (llH-NH:

Hr-OH glycerol amine etc.

In addition to the formation of polymers and coupled derivatives by reacting the wax-maleic compound with polyfunctional derivatives such as polyalcohols, polyamines, etc., to form amides, esters, esteramides, polyimides, polyimide amides, etc., other derivatives can also be formed including salts, etc.

In addition the wax-maleic compounds can be reacted with monofunctional derivatives to form corresponding esters, amides, imides, salts, etc.

For example, the wax maleic compound of this invention can be reacted with ammonia or amines to yield salts, amides, imides or combinations of these groups. In the case of monoamines, these include acylatable amines of the formula cyclohexyl, etc; alkenyl, alkadienyl; aryl groups, such as phenyl, etc.

In addition, even though a polyamine may be reacted, it is possible to control the reaction so that only one maleic moiety is reacted, for example to yield (probably in salt form),

The following illustrates the reaction of wax anv hydrides with mono amines and ammonia.

EXAMPLE A One hundred grams of the wax-maleic compound of Example 8 was heated at 150 C. for 4 hours to convert the material to the anhydride. The anhydride derivative is heated and stirred at 120 C. and 2 percent aniline based on wax is added. Heating and stirring is continued for an additional hour and then cooled to give a light tan, hard product.

EXAMPLE B EXAMPLE C One hundred grams of the wax-maleic derivative of Example 8 was heated at 150 C. for 4 hours to convert the material to the corresponding anhydride derivative. Heating was continued at 150 C. and a slow stream of ammonia was blown through the wax for 1 hour. Upon cooling the product solidified to a light brown hard solid, which was useful as a carbon paper wax.

EXAMPLE D The process of Example A was repeated except that 3 percent of lauryl amine was employed R-NI-I where R is lauryl to yield the monoamide.

Esters can also be prepared from monoalcohol R'OI-l where R is alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, 'pentyl, hexyl, etc., including both straight and branch chain compounds, of the C,,H series, cycloalkyl such as cyclohexyl, etc; alkenyl, alkadienyl; aryl groups, such as phenyl, etc. These are illustrated by the following equations:

The formulas presented herein are idealized structures and are presented to illustrate the probable structures of the products. Variations in these structures may occur to yield other products or mixtures thereof, Thus, we do not wish to be bound by such structures rather they are used to present probable structures when the components are reacted. For example, where the wax-maleic formula is specified as O R-C H Ha-C-OH it also includes 0 RCH- -OH H2 etc. Where the formula or a related formula is employed, it ideally represents a wax-maleic compound. 9 in the above relates to the amino-derived moiety.

USE IN CARBON PAPER INKS This section deals with the utilization of the waxmaleic compounds of this invention in carbon paper inks. There are several articles, patents, and other published literature which discuss various types of carbon paper, particularly in regard to formulation of the various ingredients, test procedures, utilization of various waxes, etc. See, for example, US. Pat. No. 2,426,248, dated Aug. 26, 1947, to Sugarman; Chapter 12 entitled Carbon Paper and Other Duplicating Papers by R. R. Wissinger in the book edited by R. H. Mosher entitled Specialty Papers, published by the Chemical Publishing Co., New York in 1950; the paper on the Rheology of Carbon Paper Inks by E. S. Gale and B. J. Staneslow in the American Ink Maker issue of December 1950; the paper on Converting of Carbon Papers" by F. M. McFarland in the Paper Trade Journal, Volume 137, pages 230--237 (1953); and the book Commercial Waxes by H. Bennett, pages 368, 377 and 429-431, published by Chemical Publishing Co., New York, in 1944.

We have particularly found that the wax-maleic compounds which have been coupled with polyamines such as for example diamines yield superior carbon paper inks, Thus, we have discovered that coupled compounds of the formula yield superior inks, where R is the wax moiety, and R is the polyamine derived moiety preferably hydrocarbon and most preferably aliphatic or aromatic, and n is at least 2, such as 2-4 or greater, but preferably 2.

Although the uncoupled wax-maleic compounds yield excellent inks, the coupled derivatives are superior, particularly in regard to oil retention penetration. There are many different types of carbon paper and related materials in use today. The three most widely used types of carbon paper are the one-time carbon which is used once and then thrown away, the pencil carbon which may also be used once, or may be used many times, and the typewriter carbon. The one-time carbon is the most widely used type of carbon paper and it finds wide application in business and multiple formsand other applications. In the production of onetime carbon paper, cost is all important. On the other hand, for typewriter carbons, quality rather than cost is important, and for pencil carbons, cost and quality are.

intermediate in importance.

The carbon paper ink may be viewed simply as a mixture containing a wax, an oil, a pigment and a dye. The oil serves as the vehicle and the pigment and dye give the color and some of the body. Most of the desirable characteristicsin the finished ink must be supplied by the wax and these will be described later. Other materials may also be used in carbon paper to give it certain properties. For example, petrolatum may be used as part or all of the vehicle to impart certain properties such as plasticity and toughness, and paraffin wax may be used as a substitute for part of the wax to give a cheaper formulation. One of the unique properties of many of the wax-maleic compounds of this invention is that they are able to carry a lot of paraffin wax into the ink formulation without detracting greatly from the desirable characteristics required. In this respect, these products are comparable to Carnauba and Ouricury and superior to Montan. Other materials may be used in carbon paper inks such as clay to cheapen the formula, oleic acid which acts as a dye solubilizer, rubbers to give toughness, dispersing agents, etc.

The consistency and other properties of the ink can be varied to a certain degree by-the choice of the oil which is used. For example, various oils ranging from a relatively light mineral oil (I00 SUS at 100 F.) up to heavy oils and petrolatums may be used. These oils and petrolatums may be colorless or range in color up to black. The darker colored materials are generally better dispersants for the pigment.

there arenumerous pigments which maybe used in typical formulations. The most common pigment is carbon black and this comes in numerous grades such as channel blacks, furnace blacks, etc., and each of these grades come in many modifications. The channel blacks are, in general, the most desirable as far as quality is concerned, but on the other hand, they are also the most expensive. The high-grade channel blacks have an oxygenated surface which aids in its dispersion and which can absorb the dye and other materials. As one goes down thescale of carbon blacks, lesser amounts of this very desirable oxygenated surface are encountered. Blue pigments may also be used, such as Milori Blue, and others, as can many other blue pigments. Numerous other colored pigments may also be used as described in the literature.

Many dyes are commonly employed in carbon paper inks. The common ones are Methyl Violet, Nigrosine, Victoria Blue, etc., and salts of these materials. It is advantageous to use a dye which is soluble in the wax, but

if this is impossible, a solubilizer must be used. One of the advantages of using the wax-maleic compounds of this invention is'that the dye is soluble in the-wax and no solubilizer is necessary. In general, any solubilizer, which is used will detract from the qualities of the finished ink, i.e., willcause dye bleed, soften the ink,

cause frosting, etc. In some instances it is possible to completely eliminate the dye, but this is the exception rather than the rule.

A wax to be useful for this purpose, must have many specific properties when used in small concentration in the finished ink; for example, in concentrations of from 8 to 12 percent in one-time carbon paper inks, or in higher percentages, up to 30. or 40 percent, in typewriter carbons.

It seems that most of the desirable characteristics required in a one-time carbon paper'ink must be imparted by small percentages of wax. This is particularly true of one-time carbon paper inks. Since these waxes must have so many specific characteristics, which seem to be specific for only Carnauba and Ouricury wax, it is not surprising that these two natural waxes are widely used as one of the components of carbon paper inks and that there are no synthetic materials which can completely replace these materials in the percentages in which they are used. It was quite surprising that many of the products of this invention have a combination of all the desirable characteristics required and that the materials served as complete replacements for the expensive natural waxes, Carnauba and Ouricury in many applications and in some respects these waxes are actually superior to the two natural waxes.

To be useful for carbon paper inks a wax must be able to dissolve the dye, such as methyl violet, Victoria blue, nigrosine, etc., preferably without the addition of a solubilizer, such as oleic acid. In this respect, the waxes of "this invention are much superior to the natural waxes Carnauba, Ouricury and Montan which are almost universally used in one-time carbons. A wax must also produce good flow in a one-time carbon paper ink so that'a thin uniform coating can be obtained. To produce good flow, a wax should give an ink of low viscosity, no thixotropy and no yield value (he newtonian). The dispersion of the carbon black and the viscosity of the wax are the important variables which influence the flow of the finished ink. The ability of a wax to disperse carbon can be measuredby the procedure described by Gale and Staneslow in the aforementioned article. If a wax gives B-Type dispersion or better, at 6 percent, no flow difficulties would be expected. Also, in this respect, many of the products of this invention are equal to or superior to the natural waxes Ouricury, Carnauba and Montan.

A wax must also yield a finished ink which is hard and which will not bleed oil. These properties can be easily tested, at least to a certain degree, by determining the oil retention penetration and the oil retention of a wax oil blend. In thisrespect, the waxes of this invention show great value and are comparable, in some cases superior, to Carnauba, Ouricury and Montan which is a property which is often so hard to duplicate.

The following are formulations employing wax-male- -ic compositions of thisinvention for a one-time carbon of medium intensity:

, CARTON PAPER INK 1 B. Same as A except that the product of Example 18 was employed, in place of Example 25.

The paraffin wax used is a high-melting-point paraffin and the oil is a 100-second oil at 100 F. The carbon black can be a channel black such as exemplified by Peerless Beads or a cheaper channel black such as Raven l5, manufactured by Columbian Carbon Company, or a furnace black as exemplified by Statex B-12 manufactured by Columbian Carbon Company.

The above formulations may be modified in several ways to give different intensities and grades of ink; for example clay can be substituted for some of the carbon black and oil to cheapen the formula without greatly impairing quality, and other variations in the proportions of wax may be made.

A similar one-time carbon paper formulation employing clay is as follows:

' CARBON PAPER INK 2 One type of carbon black which may be used is a channel black such as Peerless Beads or a cheaper channel black such as Raven or comparable products, or mixtures of these. These waxes also find use in other types of carbon paper and ribbons such as pencil carbons, typewriter ribbons, etc. A typical onetime medium blue pencil carbon-formulation is as follows:

CARBON PAPER INK 3 Material A product of this invention (Ex.

Paraffin Wax (m.p. approx.

ASP-I00 clay Milori blue 300 sec. Mineral Oil Petrolatum I I B. The above example was repeated except that the product of Example l8 was employed,

in place of Example 25.

v 1.8..-- Atypical typewriter formulation is as follows:

' CARBON PAPER INK 4 Qrams Material I g R A product of this invention (Ex. C)

18 Carbon black (Raven 15") 1, Methyl Violet l0 Paraffin Wax (m.p. approx.

. 135F.) 1 i6 300 sec. Mineral Oil Q B. The above example was repeated except that the product of Example 20 was employed, in place of Example C.

As above, these formulations may be modified in many ways to obtain carbon paper ink to fit individual uses.

These inks may be prepared either in a ball mill or a three-roll mill by'conventional procedures using temperatures of from approximately 190 to 220 F. Care must be taken when certain dyes are used not to exceed i these temperatures; otherwise, the dye will decompose.

These finished inks can be coated onto paper using a Mayer type coater or comparable equipment. Normally, it is best to apply approximately 2.5 lbs. of wax per ream for one-time carbons and higher quantities for typewriter carbons. I

Amongthe properties which are highly desirable in carbon paper waxes are oil retention penetration and carbon dispersion. The properties are tested as follows:

Oil Retention Penetration Test: Twenty-five grams of wax on test and 25 g. of a 100 SUS mineral oil (i.e., Texaco lnk Oil No. 538) are placed in a 150 ml beaker which is covered by a watch glass and placed in an oven at 100C. for 2 hours. Stir the sample with a glass rod, pour it into an aluminum foil dish (Fisher Scientific Company Cat. No. 8-732) resting on asbestos, and

then cover with a 600 ml beaker. Allow the sample to stand forl hour at room temperature, then transfer to a water bath at 25.0+ or -0.2C.-and hold for 3-4 hours.

Penetration values are then obtained on the top and bottom of the sample, andv these values are averaged to give-the oil retention penetration. Penetrationvalues are determined under a test load of 100 g. for 5 seconds, and are reported to the nearest tenth of a millimeter. The penetration needle employed is similar to that described in ASTM test method D 1321-54T except that the length of taper is 23 mm. rather than 6.5 mm.

Carbon Dispersion Test: One to 2% grams (4-10 percent) of wax on test and 20.5-19.0 g. (82-76 percent) of a 100 SUS oil (i.e. Texaco Ink Oil No. 538) are heated with stirring at -l00 C. in a 500 ml round bottom flask until a solution is obtained. Add 3.5 g (14 percent) of a carbon black such as Kosmos 40 (United Carbon Company-Mind approximately 20 g. 'of 3 mm. diameter glass beads. Stir at 95-l00 C. for 30 minutes u ing a stirrer which scrapes the width of the flask. A dropof the prepared ink hs then placed on a hot stage heated to, 95? C., or on an adsorption cell through which a glycerol-water solution is circulated at 95 C. Place a cover glass over the sample, press with tweezers or small spatula to form a thin, semi-transparent film, then examine under a microscope at X200, both under stress and without stress. The inks are then classified as the manner of Example 18 were tested for oil retention penetration at weight ratios of 50 percent wax-maleicamine product and 50 percent oil, according to the above method. The .wax employed in each case was a Fischer Tropsch wax..

TABLE III Amine Employed in Fischer Tropsch-Maleic- Amine-Reaction Product 50/50 Reaction Product/Oil Oil Retention Penetration Weight I: Amine Based on Wax Ethylene Diamine Lltlll I M v Aniline Ethylene Diamine Ethanol Amine Diarninopropane Morpholine p-Phcnylene Diamine Employing the above carbon dispersion test all of the above products were classified, as Type B or better.

OTHER USES This section deals with other uses for the wax-maleic compounds of this invention. v

Because of their very desirable properties, particularly in reference to their excellent hardness, they are useful for blending with other materials to impart their favorableproperties, for example; they may be blended in small concentrations with paraffmic type waxes to yield blends. with improved hardness and increased melting point. One specific application in this line would be to blend 3-10 percent of the hard products described in this application with paraffin wax to yield a product with better blockingcharacteristics.

One of the important uses for these products is for various types of polishes; for instance,-floor polish,-

shoe polish, furniture polish, and automobile polish.

A typical formulation in which these products have found use in the field of emulsion floor polishes is as follows:

Floor Polish A Grams Material v2.9... 50 The product of this invention 7 $0 Durez 219" 10 Oleic Acid 6 Z-amino-Z-methyll-propanol 4 Borax 830. Water The. first three ingredients in the above formulation are blended at temperature up to but not exceeding 350 F. The mixture is cooled to 2l0 F. with agitation. The 2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanol is added with stirring at 200 to 210 F. followed immediately by the borax in a saturated solution. The resulting mixture is heated with stirring at 200 F. to a maximum of 210'F. for 5 minutes and thenthe wax melt is slowly poured into water at 200 F.- with rapid agitation. When the emulsion hasismoothed out, 10 -20 percent of a cold solution of leveling agent is added during agitation and cooled to room temperature. A leveling agent which may be used is'a 12 percent ammoniacal shellac solution prepared by dissolving 102 gof refined'de'waxed shellac in a solution of 26 g of 26Be (28 percent) ammonia in 722 g. of water.

Durez 219 is a terpene-phenolic, oil soluble, high melting, low viscosity, thermoplastic resin having a melting poilt (capillary) of l 36- C., an acid number of from 60 to 70, a specific gravity at 25 C. of 1.09 and a refractive index of 1.552. It is manufactured and supplied by the Durez Plastic and Chemicals Division of Hooker Electrochemical Co.

Many modifications of the above formulation can be made; for instance, the-resin can be eliminated or other resins substituted for the above. Other waxes can be used in conjunction with the above or the products of the other examples in this invention can be used.

We have particularly found-that the wax-maleic compounds which have. been coupled with polyhydroxy compounds such as glycols and polyols yield superior emulsified wax polishes. Thus wehave discovered that coupled compounds of the formula:

yield superior emulsified wax polishes where R is the wax moiety, R is the polyhydroxyl derived moiety,

preferably hydrocarbon and most preferably aliphatic,

FLOOR POLISH B This is an example of a typical formulation of an,

emulsion floor polish in which the coupled wax-maleic compound is employed.

Grams Material 25 Product of Ex. 13

3 Diethylamino ethanol 200 Water The first two components in the formulation are melted at 230 F. Diethylaminoethanol is added to the melt and the mixture is stirred and aged for 5 minutes and then added slowly to the water at 205 F. with rapid agitation. When the addition is completed the emulsion is cooled rapidly to ambient temperature.

These polishes, when spread on linoleum, asphalt tile, rubber tile, vinyl tile, etc. yields a film which when dried is very hard, scuff and abrasion-resistant, with a high gloss and with good water resistance. Polish B had superior recoatability.

The above Floor Polish B formulation was prepared with the following productsExample 14, 15, 16 and 17 to yield excellent polishes.

A good no-rub automobile polish and furniture polish can be prepared from the following formulations and procedures:

AUTOMOBILE POLISH Gram Materials A product of this invention (Ex.

Lo bizuay o 8) Silicone (5000 cs. vise.) Oleic Acid Morpholine Mineral Spirits (boiling point 275-325 F.) Water B. The above formulation was also prepared with the product of Example 13 in place of Example 8.

The first two ingredients are melted together and to 1 this blend the last two materials are added. After a solulionis ohtairmd, the polish is poured at a temperature just above the point in which the wax starts to separate. Depending upon the color of the finished product, any of several dyes may be used, the main criteria being that of solubility.

In any of these formulations, oftentimes other products from this invention other than those specifically mentioned may be used, but generally in these cases, slight modifications may become necessary. These modifications can be made without too much difficulty by those who are skilled in the art. The above formulations are very good starting points and these formulas can be altered or modified in any of many ways.

The above are examples of uses for the wax-maleic compounds of this invention. In addition, they can be used in place of, or in conjunction with, other waxes.

We claim:

1. A wax-maleic compound adduct reaction product coupled with a polyfunctional alcohol-amine selected from the group consisting of 25 (1) NmwHmOH wherein a; is 1-10, (2) HOONH:

and 1(5) CHz-OH H-NHz CHZ-OH.

The ratio of silicone to wax should be maintained SHOE POLISH A. Grams Material 12 ParaflinWax (131-133 F.) 13 A waxofthis jnventionllix. 1)

Turpentine Mineral Spirits B. The above polish was also prepared with the product of Example 13 in place of Example 1.

said wax-maleic compound adduct reaction product being a reaction product of (l) a maleic compound selected from the group consisting of maleic acid, maleic anhydride, citraconic acid, citraconic anhydride, ethyl maleic acid, ethyl maleic anhydride, glutaconic acid, glutaconic acid anhydride, itaconic acid, itaconic acid anhydride, methylitaconic acid and methylitaconic acid anhydride and (2) a wax selected from the group consisting of plastic microcrystalline waxes, tank bottom microcrystalline waxes, solvent extracted microcrystalline waxes, FischenTropsch waxes, polyalkylene hydrocarbon waxes, and mixtures thereof, having a melting point of at least F. and a penetration of from about 0 to about 50 (ASTM Test Method D5-25), the molar ratio of (1) to (2) being from about 1.0 to about 1.5 and the reaction being carries out at substantially atmospheric pressure under free radical conditions.

2. The product of claim 1 wherein the alcohol-amine is ethanolamine. 

2. The product of claim 1 wherein the alcohol-amine is ethanolamine. 